Option A: it involves only small amounts of money
Option B: the proletariat can outsmart the bourgeoise
Option C: the police turn a blind eye to corporate crime
Option D: it goes undected in the context of everybody business transactions
Correct Answer: it goes undected in the context of everybody business transactions ✔
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Option A: recognized as breaking an important norm of behavior
Option B: seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise normal character
Option C: the first step in establishing a deviant career
Option D: attributed to the person’s genetic or anatomical make up
Correct Answer: seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise normal character ✔
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Option A: community service
Option B: imprisonment
Option C: electronic tagging
Option D: curfews
Correct Answer: community service ✔
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Option A: white-collar crime
Option B: corporate crime
Option C: victimless crime
Option D: organized crime
Correct Answer: corporate crime ✔
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Option A: restorative justice
Option B: zero tolerance
Option C: target hardening
Option D: deterrent sentencing
Correct Answer: zero tolerance ✔
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Option A: labelling theory
Option B: control theory
Option C: functionalist theory
Option D: conflict theory
Correct Answer: labelling theory ✔
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Option A: comte
Option B: Marx
Option C: Weber
Option D: Durkheim
Correct Answer: Durkheim ✔
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Option A: international drug dealing via email
Option B: The global trade in online pornography
Option C: the vandalizing of virtual environments
Option D: theft of goods sold via online action websites
Correct Answer: the vandalizing of virtual environments ✔
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Option A: the new criminology
Option B: broken windows theory
Option C: situational crime prevention
Option D: deviance reduction theory
Correct Answer: situational crime prevention ✔
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Option A: deviant behavior is behavior that is labelled so by the law
Option B: deviant behavior is behavior that people so label
Option C: deviant behavior is that labelled by the perpetrators
Option D: deviant behavior is that which causes public offence
Correct Answer: deviant behavior is behavior that people so label ✔
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Option A: the concept of ‘deviance’ is much broader than ‘crime’
Option B: deviance and crime very often overlap
Option C: the concept of deviance can be applied to individuals and groups
Option D: deviance is normally sanctioned by law
Correct Answer: deviance is normally sanctioned by law ✔
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Option A: restitution
Option B: legalization
Option C: radical non-intervention
Option D: decriminalization
Correct Answer: radical non-intervention ✔
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Option A: 1950s
Option B: 1980s
Option C: 1940s
Option D: 1960s
Correct Answer: 1960s ✔
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Option A: conformity
Option B: corporate crime
Option C: Psychologically-based crime
Option D: lower-class crime
Correct Answer: conformity ✔
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Option A: Social Control theory
Option B: Anomie theory
Option C: Lower Class Focal Value theory
Option D: Social Process theory
Correct Answer: Lower Class Focal Value theory ✔
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Option A: ritualists
Option B: ret realists
Option C: rebels
Option D: innovators
Correct Answer: innovators ✔
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Option A: pre-natal nutrition
Option B: hormones
Option C: genetic abnormalities
Option D: early childhood
Correct Answer: early childhood ✔
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Option A: Substantial reduction of economic inequality
Option B: Subordination of the agents of social control
Option C: redefinition of acts that are currently defined as criminal
Option D: amelioration of social welfare activities
Correct Answer: Substantial reduction of economic inequality ✔
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Option A: Differential Association
Option B: Conflict
Option C: Positivism
Option D: Social Control
Correct Answer: Conflict ✔
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Option A: age-specific support
Option B: informal social control
Option C: internalization of norms
Option D: formal social control
Correct Answer: informal social control ✔
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Option A: Without a deal of grate variation
Option B: inherently deviant
Option C: totally in keeping with tradition
Option D: Without a corresponding judgment
Correct Answer: inherently deviant ✔
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Option A: it is a committed on a larger, often global, scale, and is well organized
Option B: it is associated with political conflict between states and their citizens
Option C: it can have far-reaching effects upon international relations
Option D: all of the above
Correct Answer: all of the above ✔
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Option A: White collar crime
Option B: organized crime
Option C: none-criminal deviance
Option D: global terrorism
Correct Answer: organized crime ✔
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Option A: The punishment or stigmatization of deviant acts
Option B: the labelling of an act as deviant through social reaction to it
Option C: the ways in which taking on a deviant role affects future action
Option D: All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above ✔
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Option A: criminals were socialized into an underworld of crime
Option B: no act is intrinsically deviant
Option C: biological failings drove some people into crime
Option D: women were less likely to be arrested than men
Correct Answer: biological failings drove some people into crime ✔
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Option A: rehabilitation
Option B: deterrence
Option C: reform
Option D: recidivism
Correct Answer: recidivism ✔
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Option A: anti-social behavior orders
Option B: Steering locks
Option C: burglar alrams
Option D: CCTV
Correct Answer: anti-social behavior orders ✔
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Option A: New Left Realism
Option B: Right Realism
Option C: new criminology
Option D: interactionism
Correct Answer: new criminology ✔
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Option A: Conformists
Option B: innovators
Option C: ritualists
Option D: retrealists
Correct Answer: innovators ✔
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Option A: criminality
Option B: deviance
Option C: recidivism
Option D: degeneracy
Correct Answer: deviance ✔
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Option A: victims may not realise that a crime has been committed
Option B: it is more difficult to apportion blame to corporate criminals
Option C: legal systems are founded on individual not collective responsibility
Option D: corporate offences cause less harm than crimes against an individual
Correct Answer: corporate offences cause less harm than crimes against an individual ✔
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Which of these is not a concept associated with Left Realist explanations of criminal subcultures ?
Option A: social exclusion
Option B: individual pathology
Option C: political marginalization
Option D: relative deprivation
Correct Answer: individual pathology ✔
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Option A: Normlessness
Option B: meaninglessness
Option C: social strain
Option D: social adaptation
Correct Answer: social strain ✔
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Option A: civil law or torts
Option B: limiting the powers of wealthy businessmen
Option C: family law
Option D: limiting the powers of government
Correct Answer: the protection of universal human rights ✔
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Option A: stigma
Option B: commitment
Option C: aspiration
Option D: motivation
Correct Answer: stigma ✔
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Option A: religiosity
Option B: commitment
Option C: involvement
Option D: belief
Correct Answer: religiosity ✔
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Option A: due to poor parenting
Option B: learned
Option C: psychotic
Option D: biological
Correct Answer: learned ✔
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Option A: Sexual assault
Option B: terrorism
Option C: counterfeiting
Option D: drug abuse
Correct Answer: drug abuse ✔
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Option A: Weber
Option B: Cohen
Option C: Marx
Option D: Merton
Correct Answer: Merton ✔
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Option A: Violent
Option B: juvenile
Option C: drug-related
Option D: white collar
Correct Answer: Violent ✔
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Option A: Warning
Option B: Solidarity
Option C: Unification
Option D: Authoritarian
Correct Answer: Solidarity ✔
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Option A: People who aspire to the upper class
Option B: The ruling elite
Option C: white collar businessmen
Option D: gang members
Correct Answer: The ruling elite ✔
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Option A: Chambliss
Option B: Lynch
Option C: Merton
Option D: Bentham
Correct Answer: Chambliss ✔
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Option A: informal
Option B: societal
Option C: traditional
Option D: formal
Correct Answer: formal ✔
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Option A: attributes
Option B: realities
Option C: Choices
Option D: records
Correct Answer: Conditions ✔
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