Research Methods MCQs

Option A: the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables

Option B: the effects of the observer on the observed

Option C: cause-effect relationships

Option D: the relationship between two events

Correct Answer: the relationship between two events ✔

Option A: anecdotal definition

Option B: controlled observation

Option C: analysis formulation

Option D: adherence to inductive thinking or common sense reasoning

Correct Answer: controlled observation ✔

Option A: uses the “real world” as a laboratory

Option B: tests a field or “range” of independent variables

Option C: differs little from naturalistic observation

Option D: requires no measurement of dependent variables

Correct Answer: A. uses the “real world” as a laboratory ✔

Option A: the placebo effect

Option B: an extraneous variable

Option C: variability

Option D: psychosomatic illness

Correct Answer: the placebo effect ✔

Option A: tentative

Option B: testable

Option C: based on theory

Option D: novel

Correct Answer: testable ✔

Option A: dependent variable

Option B: independent variable

Option C: extraneous variables

Option D: replication variables

Correct Answer: dependent variable ✔

Option A: measure of the extent of the relationship between two variables

Option B: index of the causal direction between an independent and dependent variable

Option C: indication of the likelihood that an experimental finding will be replicated by others

Option D: measure of the likelihood that observed differences may be attributed to chance

Correct Answer: measure of the extent of the relationship between two variables ✔

Option A: tentative

Option B: testable

Option C: based on theory

Option D: novel

Correct Answer: testable ✔

Option A: the most reliable

Option B: often contradicted by empirical evidence

Option C: the basis for most psychological theories

Option D: the basis for collecting data (observed facts)

Correct Answer: often contradicted by empirical evidence ✔

Option A: experimental control

Option B: a hypothesis

Option C: an experimental variables

Option D: a theory

Correct Answer: a hypothesis ✔

Option A: accurate calculation of correlations

Option B: obtaining direct reports from subjects about their subjective experiences

Option C: careful measurement and record keeping

Option D: using control to identify cause-and effect connections

Correct Answer: using control to identify cause-and effect connections ✔

Option A: clinical study

Option B: experimental

Option C: survey

Option D: correlational

Correct Answer: experimental ✔

Option A: curvilinear relationship

Option B: effect of extraneous variables

Option C: natural experiment

Option D: placebo effect

Correct Answer: placebo effect ✔

Option A: Interview people to get their opinions

Option B: Correlate news paper accounts and the types of beverages consumed

Option C: test the idea by conducting an experiment

Option D: research what other experts had thought

Correct Answer: Correlate news paper accounts and the types of beverages consumed ✔

Option A: accurate calculation of correlation’s

Option B: obtaining direct reports from subjects about their subjective experiences

Option C: careful measurement and record keeping

Option D: using control to identify cause-and effect connections

Correct Answer: using control to identify cause-and effect connections ✔

Option A: survey method

Option B: psychoanalytic method

Option C: natural experiment or case study

Option D: clinical method

Correct Answer: survey method ✔

Option A: experimental method

Option B: case study method

Option C: naturalistic observation method

Option D: survey method

Correct Answer: case study method ✔

Option A: strong positive correlation

Option B: strong negative correlation

Option C: cause/effect relationship

Option D: error in computation

Correct Answer: error in computation ✔

Option A: there are few subjects for which it is applicable

Option B: there are no control groups

Option C: it is not applicable to the study of bizarre behavior

Option D: it requires a large and expensive sample size

Correct Answer: there are no control groups ✔

Option A: 0.08

Option B: -0.29

Option C: 0.48

Option D: -1.00

Correct Answer: 0.08 ✔

Option A: counteract the random assignment of subjects

Option B: counteract the side effect of the drug

Option C: control for the effects of suggestion and expectation

Option D: keep control subjects from knowing they have been given the drug

Correct Answer: control for the effects of suggestion and expectation ✔

Option A: Although 25% of U.S drivers say that they use the seatbelts in their cars only 14% really do

Option B: a case history of multiple personality appeared to be caused by traumatic childhood experiences

Option C: College women who are anxious tend to want to be together

Option D: As the temperature increases the number of hit batters in baseball increases

Correct Answer: College women who are anxious tend to want to be together ✔

Option A: rely only on naturalistic observations

Option B: guide research for future studies

Option C: rely only on surveys

Option D: rely only on case studies

Correct Answer: guide research for future studies ✔

Option A: they show a strong positive correlation

Option B: all extraneous variables are controlled and the independent variable creates consistent differences in behavior of the experimental group

Option C: they are observed to co-vary on many separate occasions

Option D: they have been observed in a laboratory setting

Correct Answer: all extraneous variables are controlled and the independent variable creates consistent differences in behavior of the experimental group ✔

Option A: observer bias

Option B: the experimenter effect

Option C: the effects of the observer

Option D: the halo effect

Correct Answer: observer bias ✔

Option A: naturalistic

Option B: inventory

Option C: correlational

Option D: experimental

Correct Answer: correlational ✔

Option A: applied

Option B: commonsense

Option C: pseudo

Option D: forensic

Correct Answer: pseudo ✔

Option A: haphazardly encounter behavior as it naturally occurs

Option B: set up controlled experiments by which they uncover causal elements in behavior

Option C: set out actively observe subjects in their natural environments

Option D: interview subjects at different ages

Correct Answer: set out actively observe subjects in their natural environments ✔

Option A: gender bias

Option B: courtesy bias

Option C: cultural bias

Option D: age bias

Correct Answer: gender bias ✔

Option A: engage in naturalistic observation

Option B: develop a positive correlation

Option C: perform a controlled experiment

Option D: test for a negative correlation

Correct Answer: perform a controlled experiment ✔

Option A: number of hours subjects go without sleep

Option B: rote memory scores

Option C: number of subjects deprived of sleep in the experimental group

Option D: correlation between hours of sleep and fatigue

Correct Answer: rote memory scores ✔

Option A: correlational coefficients

Option B: field experiment

Option C: case study

Option D: random assignment

Correct Answer: field experiment ✔

Option A: an in-depth study of the opinions and attitudes of a selected individual

Option B: an overview of the attitudes and backgrounds of selected a groups

Option C: direct observation and recording of representative sample of behavior

Option D: carefulness of a representative sample of people

Correct Answer: carefulness of a representative sample of people ✔

Option A: axioms

Option B: common sense

Option C: experimentation

Option D: hypothetical theory formulation

Correct Answer: experimentation ✔

Option A: observation

Option B: common sense

Option C: reinforcement

Option D: analysis

Correct Answer: observation ✔

Option A: hypotheses

Option B: theories

Option C: axioms

Option D: learning strategies

Correct Answer: hypotheses ✔

Option A: independent

Option B: dependent

Option C: extraneous

Option D: hypothetical theory formulation

Correct Answer: extraneous ✔

Option A: use control groups and experimental groups

Option B: use statistics to determine the effect of chance

Option C: Control for the effects of extraneous variables

Option D: repeat the experiment using either identical or improved research methods

Correct Answer: repeat the experiment using either identical or improved research methods ✔

Option A: constants

Option B: dependent variables

Option C: extraneous variables

Option D: independent variables

Correct Answer: extraneous variables ✔

Option A: repeatable results

Option B: top-secret information

Option C: analysis measurement

Option D: emotive reasoning

Correct Answer: repeatable results ✔

Option A: negative correlation

Option B: positive correlation

Option C: causal relationship

Option D: zero correlation

Correct Answer: negative correlation ✔

Option A: all are pseudo-psychology’s

Option B: none is subject to the P.T Barnum effect

Option C: they rarely appear to “work” due to the fallacy of positive instances

Option D: astrology is the only system with a scientific basis

Correct Answer: A. all are pseudo-psychology’s ✔

Option A: identifying the group to be questioned

Option B: obtaining a representative sample of subjects to be questioned

Option C: obtaining enough information in a short amount of time

Option D: that it cannot reveal very much about signification psychological events in the lives of the people

Correct Answer: obtaining a representative sample of subjects to be questioned ✔

Option A: read their handwriting

Option B: examine their skulls

Option C: study their palms

Option D: record their EEGs

Correct Answer: examine their skulls ✔

Option A: control

Option B: experiential

Option C: dependent

Option D: independent

Correct Answer: control ✔

Option A: basic

Option B: applied

Option C: impractical

Option D: ethical

Correct Answer: applied ✔

Option A: be incredible

Option B: be repeatable

Option C: be subjective

Option D: be meta-analytical

Correct Answer: be meta-analytical ✔

Option A: random assignment of subjects

Option B: assuming the effects of the variable are negligible

Option C: manipulating the dependent variables simultaneously

Option D: repeating the experiment several times until the results are consistent

Correct Answer: repeating the experiment several times until the results are consistent ✔

Option A: clinical method; naturalistic

Option B: correlational method: survey method

Option C: experimental method: naturalistic observation

Option D: clinical method; survey method

Correct Answer: clinical method; survey method ✔

Option A: observer bias

Option B: that it sets up an artificial situation

Option C: that replies may not be accurate

Option D: the self-fulfilling prophecy

Correct Answer: that replies may not be accurate ✔

Option A: double-blind

Option B: single-blind

Option C: self-fulfilling prophesy

Option D: representative sampling

Correct Answer: single-blind ✔

Option A: he could do math

Option B: he could add. but he could not subtract

Option C: he was cued by the owner looking up or down

Option D: none of these could be determined by observation

Correct Answer: he was cued by the owner looking up or down ✔

Option A: the dependent group and the independent group

Option B: the extraneous group and the independent group

Option C: the before group and the after group

Option D: the control group and the experimental group

Correct Answer: the control group and the experimental group ✔

Option A: acts out the proper behavior for the subjects

Option B: deceives the subject as to the real purpose of the experiment

Option C: unknowingly hints to subjects what is expected of them

Option D: overtly tells the subjects how to respond

Correct Answer: unknowingly hints to subjects what is expected of them ✔

Option A: cognitive psychology

Option B: behaviorism

Option C: Gestalt psychology

Option D: astrology

Correct Answer: astrology ✔

Option A: ensuring that participation is involuntary

Option B: harming the subjects when necessary

Option C: minimizing confidentiality

Option D: providing results and interpretations to participants

Correct Answer: providing results and interpretations to participants ✔

Option A: All subjects get the experimental procedure

Option B: Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo, which they receive is known only to the experimenter

Option C: Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is not known to subjects or experimenter

Option D: All subjects get the control procedure

Correct Answer: Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is not known to subjects or experimenter ✔

Option A: there was no control group for comparison

Option B: he has not calculated a correlation coefficient

Option C: of the effect of the observer on the observed

Option D: he does not specify his dosage of vitamin

Correct Answer: there was no control group for comparison ✔

Option A: the subject himself

Option B: a measure of the subject’s behavior

Option C: the variable that the experimenter chooses to manipulate

Option D: any unwanted variable that may adversely affect the subject’s performance

Correct Answer: the variable that the experimenter chooses to manipulate ✔

Option A: hypotheses

Option B: experiments

Option C: surveys

Option D: theories

Correct Answer: theories ✔

Option A: scientific observation

Option B: the scientific method

Option C: defining a scientific problem

Option D: hypothesis generation

Correct Answer: the scientific method ✔

Option A: the identification of a cause-and-effect relationship

Option B: similar to the correlational method that causality is determined

Option C: that the surroundings are always similar to real life experiences

Option D: that it is an informal way to investigate behavior

Correct Answer: that it is an informal way to investigate behavior ✔

Option A: independent

Option B: extraneous

Option C: dependent

Option D: control

Correct Answer: dependent ✔

Option A: a strong negative relationship between the two variables

Option B: a strong positive relationship between the two variables

Option C: a perfect positive relationship between the two variables

Option D: no relationship between the two variables

Correct Answer: a strong negative relationship between the two variables ✔

Option A: He incorrectly inferred correlation from causation

Option B: He incorrectly inferred causation from correlation

Option C: He failed to measure the gravitational pull to test his hypothesis

Option D: He has overlooked the placebo effect

Correct Answer: He incorrectly inferred causation from correlation ✔

Option A: a negative correlation

Option B: a zero correlation

Option C: a positive correlation

Option D: a perfect correlation

Correct Answer: a positive correlation ✔

Option A: -0.98

Option B: 0.90

Option C: 0.00

Option D: 1.20

Correct Answer: -0.98 ✔

Option A: private funding can never be obtained

Option B: APA Ethical Review committees often do not approve of the research techniques.

Option C: there is a certain amount of artificiality attached to it

Option D: subjects are difficult to find for research projects

Correct Answer: there is a certain amount of artificiality attached to it ✔

Option A: allows mathematical relationships to be established

Option B: provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared

Option C: balances the experiment to eliminate all extraneous variables

Option D: is not really necessary

Correct Answer: provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared ✔

Option A: clinical study

Option B: experiment

Option C: survey

Option D: correlational study

Correct Answer: experiment ✔

Option A: experimental correlation

Option B: statistical linear analysist

Option C: meta-analysis

Option D: hypothetical analysis

Correct Answer: meta-analysis ✔

Option A: the presence or absence of music

Option B: the students test scores

Option C: the amount of time allowed the studying

Option D: silence

Correct Answer: the amount of time allowed the studying ✔

Option A: learning

Option B: the size of the group

Option C: the material studied

Option D: music

Correct Answer: music ✔

Option A: morality of the under investigation

Option B: loss of future research possibilities

Option C: falsified results

Option D: invasion of privacy

Correct Answer: invasion of privacy ✔

Option A: even though appropriate statistics were used, no differences could be detected between experimental and control groups

Option B: the results have important implications for theory or practice

Option C: differences between experimental and control group of this size occur by chance only 5 times out of 100 (or less)

Option D: differences between experimental and control groups were so large they could never occur by chance alone

Correct Answer: differences between experimental and control group of this size occur by chance only 5 times out of 100 (or less) ✔

Option A: psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and concern for the subject’s dignity

Option B: psychologists must avoid deception with using human subjects

Option C: all data collected from a person must be made public

Option D: all psychological harm to subjects must be corrected by counseling

Correct Answer: A. psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and concern for the subject’s dignity ✔

Option A: randomly from the larger population

Option B: strictly from volunteers

Option C: by threatening or coercing institutionalized populations

Option D: from confidential lists of mall order firms

Correct Answer: randomly from the larger population ✔

Option A: pure speculation

Option B: direct observation

Option C: deduction from direct observation

Option D: prior prediction

Correct Answer: direct observation ✔

Option A: it provides an overabundance of information

Option B: it deals with behavior not tampered with by outside influences

Option C: it limits biased observation through careful record keeping

Option D: it does not identify the cause of observed behavior

Correct Answer: it does not identify the cause of observed behavior ✔

Option A: they are assigned to experimental and control group from a sample which is representative of the larger population

Option B: they each have an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental or control group

Option C: they are assigned to experimental and control group so that the group differ on some critical variable before the experiment begins

Option D: neither the experimenter nor the subject knows whether the subject is in the experimental or control group

Correct Answer: they each have an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental or control group ✔

Option A: the self-fulfilling prophecy

Option B: the placebo effect in a natural experiment

Option C: observer bias in naturalistic

Option D: the ethical problems of field experiments

Correct Answer: the self-fulfilling prophecy ✔

Option A: experimental regression

Option B: naturalistic observation

Option C: controlled experimentation

Option D: clinical case study

Correct Answer: naturalistic observation ✔

Option A: the independent variable

Option B: a control variable

Option C: an extraneous variable

Option D: the dependent variable

Correct Answer: the dependent variable ✔

Option A: critical thinking

Option B: Transudative thinking

Option C: Deductive thinking

Option D: Creative thinking

Correct Answer: critical thinking ✔

Option A: researchers misrepresent their date

Option B: a theory must be defined so it can be dis confirmed

Option C: theories are rich array of observations regarding behavior but with few facts to support them

Option D: nothing

Correct Answer: a theory must be defined so it can be dis confirmed ✔

Option A: explanation

Option B: theory

Option C: prediction

Option D: description

Correct Answer: description ✔

Option A: carefully design controlled situations in which to observe behavior

Option B: Rely on observations of subjects’ responses to nares

Option C: observe behavior as it happens outside the laboratory or clinic

Option D: make records of the behavior of clients treated in therapy

Correct Answer: observe behavior as it happens outside the laboratory or clinic ✔

Option A: a high dosage of alcohol

Option B: one-half the dosage given the experimental group

Option C: a driving test before and after drinking alcohol

Option D: no alcohol at all

Correct Answer: no alcohol at all ✔

Option A: naturalistic observation

Option B: the correlational method

Option C: a controlled experiment

Option D: the survey method

Correct Answer: the correlational method ✔

Option A: theory

Option B: Law

Option C: hypothesis

Option D: experiments

Correct Answer: hypothesis ✔