Shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to right is caused by the following factors EXCEPT__________?
Option A: Increased 2,3 BPG
Option B: Increased temperature
Option C: Increased concentration of carbon – di – oxide
Option D: Increased concentration of oxygen
Correct Answer: Increased concentration of oxygen ✔
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Option A: Increase in respiratory rate
Option B: Increases in depth of respiration
Option C: Increase in oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Option D: Increase in partial pressure of CO2
Correct Answer: Increase in partial pressure of CO2 ✔
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Option A: It is secreted by Type II pneumocytes
Option B: It contains lecithin and sphingomyelin
Option C: It increases surface tension
Option D: It prevents collapse of smaller alveoli
Correct Answer: It increases surface tension ✔
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Option A: Haldane effect
Option B: Bohr effect
Option C: Breur effect
Option D: Hamburger effect
Correct Answer: Bohr effect ✔
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Option A: Base of lung
Option B: Apex of lung
Option C: Posterior lobe of lung
Option D: Middle lobe of lung
Correct Answer: Apex of lung ✔
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Option A: Tidal volume
Option B: Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory volume
Option C: Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume
Option D: Expiratory reserve volume plus reserve volume
Correct Answer: Tidal volume ✔
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Option A: Hypoxia
Option B: Hypothermia
Option C: HbF
Option D: Increased pH
Correct Answer: Hypoxia ✔
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Option A: Stagnant hypoxia
Option B: Anemic hypoxia
Option C: Histotoxic hypoxia
Option D: Hypoxic or arterial hypoxia
Correct Answer: Anemic hypoxia ✔
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Option A: Alkalosis
Option B: Hypoxia
Option C: Increased HbF
Option D: Hypothermia
Correct Answer: Hypoxia ✔
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Option A: Dopamine metabolism
Option B: Adrenaline metabolism
Option C: Serotonin metabolism
Option D: PGE2 production
Correct Answer: Serotonin metabolism ✔
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Option A: Ciliary motility
Option B: Cellular hyperplasia
Option C: Mucous secretion
Option D: All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above ✔
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Option A: Autonomic reflex
Option B: Bainbridge reflex
Option C: Herring – Breur reflex
Option D: Dynamic stretch reflex
Correct Answer: C. Herring – Breur reflex ✔
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Option A: The relative proportion of reduced and oxygenated hemoglobin
Option B: The absolute amount of reduced hemoglobin
Option C: Thickness of the skin
Option D: Fragility of capillaries
Correct Answer: The absolute amount of reduced hemoglobin ✔
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Option A: Intrapulmonary pressure falls
Option B: Intra thoracic pressure rises
Option C: Intra-abdominal pressure rises
Option D: The partial pressure of O2 in dead space rises
Correct Answer: Intra thoracic pressure rises ✔
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Option A: P50 and oxygen affinity decrease
Option B: P 50 and oxygen affinity increase
Option C: P 50 decreases and the oxygen affinity increases
Option D: P50 increase and the oxygen affinity decreases
Correct Answer: P 50 and oxygen affinity increase ✔
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Option A: Decrease in arterial carbon dioxide level
Option B: Increase in arterial carbon dioxide level
Option C: Increase in arterial oxygen level
Option D: None of the above
Correct Answer: Increase in arterial carbon dioxide level ✔
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Option A: Rise in temperature
Option B: Rise in carbon dioxide tension
Option C: Rise in pH
Option D: Rise in H+ ion
Correct Answer: Rise in pH ✔
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Option A: Tidal volume
Option B: Respiratory rate
Option C: Alveolar ventilation
Option D: FEV 1
Correct Answer: FEV 1 ✔
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Option A: Cyanosis
Option B: Dyspnea
Option C: Hypercapnia
Option D: Hypoxia
Correct Answer: Hypercapnia ✔
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Option A: More negative
Option B: Less negative
Option C: Positive
Option D: Equal to the intra alveolar pressure
Correct Answer: More negative ✔
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Option A: ADH secretion in collecting duct
Option B: Constant solute load on distal tubule
Option C: Macula densa
Option D: Balance between ascending and descending loop of henle
Correct Answer: Constant solute load on distal tubule ✔
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Option A: PCT
Option B: DCT
Option C: Loop of henle
Option D: Vasa recta
Correct Answer: PCT ✔
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Option A: 250
Option B: 800
Option C: 1260
Option D: 1500
Correct Answer: 1260 ✔
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Option A: HCO3-
Option B: Na+
Option C: CL-
Option D: PO4-2
Correct Answer: Na+ ✔
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Option A: G.F.R
Option B: Renal plasma flow
Option C: Creatinine clearance
Option D: P.A.H. clearance
Correct Answer: G.F.R ✔
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Which one of the following is not responsible for concentration of urine in the kidneys__________?
Option A: Aldosterone
Option B: Angiotensin II
Option C: Vasopressin
Option D: Epinephrine
Correct Answer: Epinephrine ✔
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Option A: Inulin and mannitol
Option B: Urea and diodrast
Option C: PAH and Phenol red
Option D: Inulin and PAH
Correct Answer: Inulin and PAH ✔
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Option A: Low
Option B: High
Option C: Same
Option D: Greatly increased
Correct Answer: Low ✔
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Option A: Sodium
Option B: Potassium
Option C: Bicarbonate
Option D: Ammonia
Correct Answer: Sodium ✔
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Option A: Loop of Henle
Option B: Distal convoluted tubule
Option C: Collecting duct
Option D: Proximal segment
Correct Answer: Proximal segment ✔
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Option A: Plasma oncotic pressure is increased
Option B: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is decreased
Option C: Tubular hydrostatic pressure is increased
Option D: Increased renal blood flow
Correct Answer: Increased renal blood flow ✔
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Option A: One million
Option B: Two million
Option C: Four million
Option D: ½ million
Correct Answer: One million ✔
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Option A: 1.5 l/day
Option B: 3 l/day
Option C: 0.5 l/day
Option D: 2 l/day
Correct Answer: 1.5 l/day ✔
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Option A: 100%
Option B: 0%
Option C: 60%
Option D: 50%
Correct Answer: 100% ✔
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Option A: More reabsorption in the PCT
Option B: More concentration in loop of Henle
Option C: More reabsorption of DCT and collecting ducts
Option D: All of these
Correct Answer: All of these ✔
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Option A: PAH
Option B: Urea
Option C: Inulin
Option D: Glucose
Correct Answer: Inulin ✔
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Option A: Renin
Option B: Erythropoietin
Option C: Vasopressin
Option D: 1,2,5 Dihydroxy cholecalciferol
Correct Answer: Vasopressin ✔
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Option A: Urea
Option B: Chloride
Option C: Bicarbonate ion
Option D: Carbohydrate
Correct Answer: Bicarbonate ion ✔
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Option A: Increase in renal blood flow
Option B: Increase in glomerular filtration rate
Option C: Increase in NaCl concentration in urine
Option D: Decrease in reabsorption of Na Cl
Correct Answer: Decrease in reabsorption of Na Cl ✔
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Option A: 180 mg/dl
Option B: 325 mg/dl
Option C: 375 mg/dl
Option D: 375 mg/dl
Correct Answer: 375 mg/dl ✔
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Option A: Anterior pituitary
Option B: Posterior pituitary
Option C: Adrenal cortex
Option D: Adrenal medulla
Correct Answer: Adrenal cortex ✔
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Option A: Proximal tubule
Option B: Descending limb of loop of Henle
Option C: Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Option D: Collecting tubule
Correct Answer: Ascending limb of loop of Henle ✔
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Option A: Henle’s loop
Option B: Distal tubule
Option C: Proximal tubule
Option D: Collecting duct
Correct Answer: A. Henle’s loop ✔
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Option A: Proximal tubule
Option B: Loop of Henle
Option C: Vasa recta
Option D: Collecting tubule
Correct Answer: Collecting tubule ✔
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Option A: Mannitol
Option B: Glycerol
Option C: Urea
Option D: All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above ✔
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Option A: PCT
Option B: DCT
Option C: Afferent arteriole
Option D: Efferent arteriole
Correct Answer: DCT ✔
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Option A: Combining H+ with Cl- to form Hcl
Option B: Combining H+ and HCO3- via enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Option C: Trapping H+ by acetate
Option D: Trapping H+ by NH3+
Correct Answer: Trapping H+ by NH3+ ✔
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Option A: Creatinine indicates glomerular filtration rate
Option B: Inulin is lower than that of urea
Option C: Chloride increases after in injection of aldosterone
Option D: PAH continues to rise as the plasma concentration of PAH increases
Correct Answer: PAH continues to rise as the plasma concentration of PAH increases ✔
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Option A: Na is absorbed actively in descending loop of Henle
Option B: 60 to 70% of GFR is absorbed in proximal tubule
Option C: Absorption of water occurs in ascending loop of Henle
Option D: The filtrate reaching distal convoluted tubule is hypertonic with respect to surroundings
Correct Answer: 60 to 70% of GFR is absorbed in proximal tubule ✔
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Option A: K+
Option B: Na+
Option C: Glucose
Option D: NH4+
Correct Answer: Na+ ✔
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Option A: Cardiac failure
Option B: Low Na+ in proximal tubule
Option C: Sympathetic stimulation
Option D: High Na+ in proximal tubule
Correct Answer: High Na+ in proximal tubule ✔
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Option A: 100 ml/min
Option B: 125 ml/min
Option C: 150 ml/min
Option D: 175 ml/min
Correct Answer: 125 ml/min ✔
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Option A: <70,000 Mol.wt
Option B: Bound to plasma protein
Option C: Secreted by the tubules
Option D: Completely filtered by glomerulus
Correct Answer: Completely filtered by glomerulus ✔
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Option A: 180 mg / dl
Option B: 100 mg/dl
Option C: 120 mg/dl
Option D: 80 mg/dl
Correct Answer: 180 mg / dl ✔
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Option A: PCT
Option B: DCT
Option C: Loop of henle
Option D: None
Correct Answer: PCT ✔
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Option A: Nephron
Option B: Glomerulus
Option C: Collecting ducts
Option D: Loop of Henle
Correct Answer: Nephron ✔
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Option A: Bowman’s capsule
Option B: Proximal convoluted tubule
Option C: Distal convoluted tubule
Option D: Loop of Henle
Correct Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule ✔
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Option A: Ureter
Option B: Major calyx
Option C: Minor calyx
Option D: Renal pyramid
Correct Answer: Minor calyx ✔
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Option A: Sympathetic stimulation
Option B: Decrease in the concentration of sodium ions in the proximal tubules
Option C: Decrease in the concentration of sodium ions in the distal tubules
Option D: Fall in the BP
Correct Answer: Decrease in the concentration of sodium ions in the proximal tubules ✔
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Option A: Serum creatinine
Option B: Serum phosphatase
Option C: Inulin test
Option D: Insulin test
Correct Answer: Inulin test ✔
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Option A: Dysuria
Option B: Nocturia
Option C: Oliguria
Option D: Plyuria
Correct Answer: Oliguria ✔
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Option A: Propagation
Option B: All or none law
Option C: Depolarization
Option D: Hyper polarization
Correct Answer: Depolarization ✔
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Option A: Cell
Option B: Plasma
Option C: Interstitium
Option D: Bone
Correct Answer: Cell ✔
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Option A: Na effux
Option B: Na influx
Option C: K efflux
Option D: K influx
Correct Answer: K efflux ✔
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Option A: Cylindrical
Option B: Transverse striation
Option C: Centrally placed nuclei
Option D: Multiple nuclei
Correct Answer: Centrally placed nuclei ✔
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Option A: Failure of acetylcholine to diffuse
Option B: Failure of ATP supply
Option C: Failure of break down of calcium bridges
Option D: None of the above
Correct Answer: Failure of ATP supply ✔
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Option A: Is not essential for contraction to occur
Option B: Has a prolonged plateau phase?
Option C: Spreads in ward to all parts of the muscle via the t- tubule system
Option D: Begins with an, in ward movement of K+ ins
Correct Answer: Spreads in ward to all parts of the muscle via the t- tubule system ✔
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Option A: To study muscle activity
Option B: Determine class II malocclusion
Option C: Determine the centric relation
Option D: Determine the centric occlusion
Correct Answer: To study muscle activity ✔
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Option A: Contracts when calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Option B: Contracts when actin and myosin filaments shorten
Option C: Contraction is initiated by calcium binding to troponin
Option D: Contraction is initiated by calcium binding to tropomyosin
Correct Answer: Contraction is initiated by calcium binding to troponin ✔
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Option A: Sarcolemma
Option B: Sarcoplasm
Option C: Myofibril
Option D: Endomysium
Correct Answer: Myofibril ✔
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Option A: Contraction of skeletal muscle
Option B: Decrease of heart rate
Option C: Secretion of saliva
Option D: Contraction of pupils
Correct Answer: Contraction of skeletal muscle ✔
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Option A: Troponin
Option B: Myosin
Option C: Actin
Option D: Protein- C
Correct Answer: Troponin ✔
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Option A: Contracts when calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Option B: Contracts when actin and myosin filaments shorten
Option C: Contraction is initiated by calcium binding to troponin
Option D: Contraction is initiated by calcium binding to tropomyosin
Correct Answer: Contraction is initiated by calcium binding to troponin ✔
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Option A: Extracellular Ca+2
Option B: Sarcoplasmic ca+2
Option C: Extracellular Na+
Option D: Intracellular Na+
Correct Answer: Extracellular Ca+2 ✔
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Option A: Inhibitory post synaptic potential
Option B: Miniature end plate potential
Option C: Action potential
Option D: End plate potential
Correct Answer: Miniature end plate potential ✔
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Option A: Net current in an outward direction
Option B: Cell interior becomes more negative
Option C: Cell interior becomes less negative
Option D: None of the above
Correct Answer: Cell interior becomes less negative ✔
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Option A: Skeletal and cardiac
Option B: Smooth and cardiac
Option C: Smooth and skeletal
Option D: All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above ✔
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Option A: white and brown
Option B: White and yellow
Option C: White and gray
Option D: White and red
Correct Answer: White and red ✔
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Option A: Insufficient neurotransmitter
Option B: Depletion of intracellular Na+
Option C: Inactivation of Na+ k+ ATPase
Option D: Voltage inactivation of the Na+ channel
Correct Answer: Voltage inactivation of the Na+ channel ✔
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Increase in threshold level on applying subthreshold, slowly rising stimulus is known as __________?
Option A: Adaptation
Option B: Accommodation
Option C: Refractoriness
Option D: Electrotonus
Correct Answer: Accommodation ✔
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Option A: Laryngeal muscles
Option B: Pharyngeal muscles
Option C: Muscles of middle ear
Option D: Extraocular muscles
Correct Answer: Laryngeal muscles ✔
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Option A: Inhibiting cholinesterase
Option B: Inhibiting the CNS
Option C: Depolarizing the motor end plate of skeletal muscle
Option D: Blocking the release of acetyl choline at the end plate
Correct Answer: Depolarizing the motor end plate of skeletal muscle ✔
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Option A: Pumps Na against a gradient
Option B: 5 Na+ exchanged for 2K+
Option C: Increase in intracellular Na
Option D: Hypocalcemia inhibits the pump
Correct Answer: 5 Na+ exchanged for 2K+ ✔
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Option A: A flexor muscle and an extensor muscle
Option B: A single skeletal muscle and all the motor peurons that supply it
Option C: A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Option D: All the motor neurons in which response are observed after maximal stimulation of a single sensory nerve
Correct Answer: A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates ✔
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Option A: Dopamine
Option B: Epinephrine
Option C: Nor epinephrine
Option D: Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: Acetylcholine ✔
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Option A: there is lack of acetyl choline
Option B: Lack of acetyl choline receptors
Option C: There is isometric contraction
Option D: Muscles are rigid and tough
Correct Answer: Lack of acetyl choline receptors ✔
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Option A: Tomes fibers
Option B: Interstitial fibers
Option C: Sharpey’s fibers
Option D: Haversian fibers
Correct Answer: C. Sharpey’s fibers ✔
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Option A: The muscle moves a load through a distance
Option B: The muscle is not able to move the load
Option C: The latent period of contraction is shorter than isometric contraction
Option D: The length of muscle is increased
Correct Answer: The muscle moves a load through a distance ✔
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Option A: EEG
Option B: EMG
Option C: Venn diagram
Option D: ECG
Correct Answer: EMG ✔
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Option A: Surface electrode
Option B: Round electrode
Option C: Hook electrode
Option D: Needle electrode
Correct Answer: Surface electrode ✔
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Option A: H band
Option B: Sarcoplasm
Option C: Sarcomere
Option D: A line
Correct Answer: Sarcomere ✔
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Option A: Actin
Option B: Myosin
Option C: Troponin
Option D: Tropomyosin
Correct Answer: Troponin ✔
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Option A: Alkaline phosphatase
Option B: Osteocalcin
Option C: Procollagen marker
Option D: Hydroxy proline
Correct Answer: Hydroxy proline ✔
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Option A: Endophyseal plates
Option B: Ectophyeseal plates
Option C: Epiphyseal plates
Option D: Chondrophyseal plates
Correct Answer: Ectophyeseal plates ✔
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Option A: Enters the uterine cavity
Option B: Comes in contact with zone pellucida
Option C: Penetrates corona radiate
Option D: Penetrates cell membrane of oocyte
Correct Answer: Comes in contact with zone pellucida ✔
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Option A: Obesity
Option B: Hyperthyroidism
Option C: Feeding
Option D: Exercise
Correct Answer: Obesity ✔
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Option A: There are gaps between tight junctions at the active sites
Option B: There are no gaps between active sites
Option C: Less activity in the membrane
Option D: Fibronectin provides a barrier for diffusion
Correct Answer: There are gaps between tight junctions at the active sites ✔
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Option A: Prefrontal cortex
Option B: Hippocampus
Option C: Neocortex
Option D: Amygdala
Correct Answer: Hippocampus ✔
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Option A: Stensons duct
Option B: common bile duct
Option C: Naso lacrimal duct
Option D: maxillary Sinus
Correct Answer: Naso lacrimal duct ✔
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Option A: Senses dynamic length of muscle
Option B: Involved in reciprocal innervation
Option C: a- motor neuron stimulation
Option D: Sense muscle tension
Correct Answer: Sense muscle tension ✔
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