Option A: Pessimists
Option B: Optimists
Option C: Neurotics
Option D: Extraverts
Correct Answer: Extraverts ✔
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Option A: Carver and Scheier’s control theory of human functioning states that there are stable individual differences in the extent to which we attend to aspects of the self
Option B: In control theory, if we perceive ourselves to have reached too high a standard of behavior, the personality system will increase the discrepancy between the standard and the perceived level
Option C: Fenigstein, Scheier and Buss (1975) developed a self-consciousness scale to measure what they considered to be stable what they considered to be stable individual and difference in private and public self-consciousness
Option D: None of the above-all are correct
Correct Answer: In control theory, if we perceive ourselves to have reached too high a standard of behavior, the personality system will increase the discrepancy between the standard and the perceived level ✔
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Option A: External-internal
Option B: Experimenting-conservative
Option C: Neuroticism-stability
Option D: Extraversion-introversion
Correct Answer: Extraversion-introversion ✔
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Option A: Attain the attributes of the ought self
Option B: Attain the attributes of the ideal self
Option C: Reduce discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self
Option D: Reduce discrepancies between the actual self and ought self
Correct Answer: All of the above ✔
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Option A: The way we feel can determined by immediate responses to situations as they occur
Option B: The way we feel can be determined by immediate responses to situations as they occur
Option C: Feeling angry anxious or happy might impact on any of the other types of cognition, changing the way we respond
Option D: A dispositionally calm person will not become anxious even when the elevator they are travelling in becomes stuck between floors
Correct Answer: A dispositionally calm person will not become anxious even when the elevator they are travelling in becomes stuck between floors ✔
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Option A: Stable, global
Option B: Unstable, specific
Option C: External, global
Option D: External, specific
Correct Answer: Stable, global ✔
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The extent to which people believe that they can bring about an outcome is referred to as________.
Option A: Extraversion
Option B: Neuroticism
Option C: Self-efficacy
Option D: Self-regulation
Correct Answer: Self-efficacy ✔
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Option A: Competencies
Option B: Goals and values
Option C: Affects
Option D: Encodings
Correct Answer: Encodings ✔
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Option A: Introverts: extroverts
Option B: Extroverts; introverts
Option C: Similar; unique
Option D: Unique; similar
Correct Answer: Similar; unique ✔
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Option A: Research as shown monozygotic twins to have much more similar personality traits than dizygotic twins
Option B: Both adoption studies and twin studies are consistent with a genetic influence on personality
Option C: Adoption studies have shown that environment plays no part in the development of personality
Option D: Children who are genetically more active and impulsive can cause their parents to be more responsive to their needs than other children
Correct Answer: Adoption studies have shown that environment plays no part in the development of personality ✔
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Option A: 1 & 2
Option B: 4
Option C: 2 & 3
Option D: 1 & 3
Correct Answer: 1 & 2 ✔
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Option A: Traits are descriptors used to label personality
Option B: Sheldon (1974) categorized people according to four body types
Option C: Modern theorists view traits as discrete rather than continuous entities
Option D: According to trait theorists, categorizing people into separate groups of ‘sociable’ versus ‘unsociable’ is extremely useful
Correct Answer: Traits are descriptors used to label personality ✔
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Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions in Cattell’s 18 Personality Factors are (18PF)?
Option A: Forthright-shrewd
Option B: Placid-Neurotic
Option C: Undisciplined-controlled
Option D: Tough-minded-tender-minded
Correct Answer: Placid-Neurotic ✔
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Option A: Openness
Option B: Anxiety
Option C: Extraversion
Option D: Agreeableness
Correct Answer: Anxiety ✔
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Option A: 1 & 2
Option B: 3 & 4
Option C: 1 & 3
Option D: 2 & 4
Correct Answer: 1 & 3 ✔
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Option A: Allport
Option B: Rogers
Option C: Freud
Option D: Cattell
Correct Answer: Cattell ✔
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Option A: Oral
Option B: Anal
Option C: Phallic
Option D: Latency
Correct Answer: Oral ✔
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Option A: At an early oral stage children usually start to explore their environment but experience control and discipline from their parents
Option B: Fixation at the anal stage results in children deriving pleasure in adulthood from activities such as overeating, smoking, drinking and kissing
Option C: At the genital stage children discover pleasure from touching their genitals
Option D: During the latency period sexual impulses are rechanneled into activities such as sport, learning and social activities
Correct Answer: During the latency period sexual impulses are rechanneled into activities such as sport, learning and social activities ✔
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Option A: Present a positive and optimistic view of human behaviour
Option B: Regard people as victims of their unconscious motivations and conflicts
Option C: Place an emphasis on individual experiences, relationships and ways of understanding the world
Option D: Are based on beliefs that everyone’s experience is unique, and that he individual’s perception of the world is critical to their understanding and behaviour
Correct Answer: Regard people as victims of their unconscious motivations and conflicts ✔
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Option A: environmental influences
Option B: biological influences
Option C: one’s perception of the environment
Option D: collective unconscious
Correct Answer: C. one’s perception of the environment ✔
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Option A: The concept of unconscious mental processes is the idea that unconscious motivations and needs have a role in determining or behaviour
Option B: The concept of unconscious mental processes emphasizes the rational aspects of human behaviour
Option C: A psychogenetic model of development shows how the mind is organized
Option D: A topographic model of the psyche shows how personality develops
Correct Answer: The concept of unconscious mental processes is the idea that unconscious motivations and needs have a role in determining or behaviour ✔
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Option A: classical conditioning
Option B: operant conditioning
Option C: observational learning
Option D: insight learning
Correct Answer: operant conditioning ✔
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Option A: suffer extensively from feelings of unrealistically low self-esteem
Option B: underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments
Option C: view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others
Option D: are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future
Correct Answer: view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others ✔
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Option A: strong feelings of self-efficacy
Option B: a sense of superiority
Option C: strong feelings of self-esteem
Option D: strong defense mechanisms
Correct Answer: strong feelings of self-efficacy ✔
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Option A: the humanistic approach
Option B: the psychoanalytic approach
Option C: Skinner’s approach
Option D: the behavioral approach
Correct Answer: the humanistic approach ✔
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Option A: the failure of parents to reinforce healthy behavior
Option B: a poor self-concept resulting from excessive parental demands
Option C: unconscious and unresolved sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experiences
Option D: the exposure of children to unhealthy role models
Correct Answer: unconscious and unresolved sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experiences ✔
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Option A: his ego
Option B: his superego
Option C: his id
Option D: Bacchus
Correct Answer: his id ✔
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Option A: displacement
Option B: reaction formation
Option C: identification
Option D: replacement
Correct Answer: displacement ✔
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Option A: physical gratification
Option B: existential anxiety
Option C: striving for superiority
Option D: the need for power
Correct Answer: striving for superiority ✔
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Option A: category used to describe personality
Option B: interrelated system of concepts used to explain personality
Option C: relatively permanent set to behavior patterns
Option D: subjective evaluation of person
Correct Answer: interrelated system of concepts used to explain personality ✔
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Option A: social interactionism
Option B: neuroticism
Option C: agreeableness
Option D: sense of humor
Correct Answer: agreeableness ✔
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Option A: an overpowering superego
Option B: an unrestrained id
Option C: dominance of the pleasure principle
Option D: balance among mental processes
Correct Answer: balance among mental processes ✔
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Option A: fixation
Option B: imitation
Option C: observation
Option D: identification
Correct Answer: identification ✔
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Option A: unrelated
Option B: similar
Option C: identical
Option D: conflicting
Correct Answer: similar ✔
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Option A: hostile generous, or destructive impulses arise in the unconscious
Option B: personality is a acquired through conditioning and observational learning
Option C: personality is strongly influenced by one’s self image
Option D: personality develops from initial feelings of inferiority
Correct Answer: personality is a acquired through conditioning and observational learning ✔
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Option A: meta-needs
Option B: the self or self-image
Option C: self-reinforcement
Option D: the pleasure principle
Correct Answer: the self or self-image ✔
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Option A: boring
Option B: ineffective
Option C: dull
Option D: arrogant
Correct Answer: arrogant ✔
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Option A: it emphasized the negative dimensions of personality
Option B: it is research rather than experience oriented
Option C: its concepts are imprecise and difficult to study objectively
Option D: its approach is more empirical than philosophical
Correct Answer: its concepts are imprecise and difficult to study objectively ✔
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Jung believed that three are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture called:
Option A: persona
Option B: collective consciousness
Option C: archetypes
Option D: mandalas
Correct Answer: archetypes ✔
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Option A: MMPI-2
Option B: Rorschach
Option C: NEO-PI
Option D: TAT
Correct Answer: Rorschach ✔
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Option A: her hereditary aspects of one’s emotional nature
Option B: unique and enduring behavior patterns
Option C: favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics
Option D: charisma, character, or temperament
Correct Answer: unique and enduring behavior patterns ✔
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Option A: id-fixated
Option B: archetypical
Option C: an erogenous zone
Option D: a source for modeling
Correct Answer: an erogenous zone ✔
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Option A: avoid the use of punishment
Option B: exhibit unconditional love toward the child
Option C: create an atmosphere of intellectual stimulation
Option D: present physical challenges to ensure healthy growth
Correct Answer: exhibit unconditional love toward the child ✔
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Option A: rationalization
Option B: fantasy
Option C: projection
Option D: displacement
Correct Answer: rationalization ✔
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Option A: MMPI-2
Option B: NEO-PI
Option C: BFQ
Option D: TAT
Correct Answer: TAT ✔
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Option A: external locus of control
Option B: projection
Option C: optimism
Option D: the Barnum effect
Correct Answer: optimism ✔
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Option A: learned helplessness
Option B: the spotlight effect
Option C: self-serving bias
Option D: an Electra complex
Correct Answer: self-serving bias ✔
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A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of:
Option A: extraversion
Option B: openness
Option C: emotional stability
Option D: conscientiousness
Correct Answer: conscientiousness ✔
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Option A: latency
Option B: phallic
Option C: oral
Option D: anal
Correct Answer: phallic ✔
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Option A: Piaget
Option B: Freud
Option C: Rorschach
Option D: Jung
Correct Answer: Rorschach ✔
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Option A: never experience a phallic stage of development
Option B: suffer an Electra complex
Option C: often experience learned helplessness
Option D: have weak superegos
Correct Answer: have weak superegos ✔
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Option A: fixation
Option B: reciprocal determinism
Option C: an external locus of control
Option D: the self-reference phenomenon
Correct Answer: fixation ✔
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Option A: rationalization
Option B: reaction formation
Option C: regression
Option D: projection
Correct Answer: regression ✔
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Option A: the collective unconscious
Option B: reciprocal determinism
Option C: the preconscious
Option D: primeval consciousness
Correct Answer: the collective unconscious ✔
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Option A: Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PF) naira
Option B: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Option C: Rorschach test
Option D: Edwards Personal Preference schedule
Correct Answer: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ✔
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Option A: learned helplessness
Option B: an internal locus of control
Option C: an inferiority complex
Option D: the self-reference phenomenon
Correct Answer: learned helplessness ✔
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Option A: an external locus of control
Option B: the self-serving phenomenon
Option C: reaction formation
Option D: reciprocal determinism
Correct Answer: reciprocal determinism ✔
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Option A: displacement
Option B: reaction formation
Option C: reciprocal determinism
Option D: the Oedipus complex
Correct Answer: the Oedipus complex ✔
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Option A: extravert
Option B: iconoclast
Option C: animus-type personality
Option D: archetypal personality
Correct Answer: extravert ✔
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Option A: ideal self and actual self
Option B: the pleasure principle and the reality principle
Option C: introversion and extroversion
Option D: the client’s values and the therapist’s values
Correct Answer: ideal self and actual self ✔
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Option A: self-serving bias
Option B: an external locus of control
Option C: the pleasure principle
Option D: reciprocal determinism
Correct Answer: an external locus of control ✔
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Option A: repression
Option B: displacement
Option C: projection
Option D: identification
Correct Answer: identification ✔
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Option A: environmental factors that could promote aggression
Option B: feelings of repressed hostility
Option C: instinctual explanations
Option D: early learning experiences and reinforcement history
Correct Answer: early learning experiences and reinforcement history ✔
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Option A: regression
Option B: identification
Option C: projection
Option D: reaction formation
Correct Answer: reaction formation ✔
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Option A: self-serving bias
Option B: reaction formation
Option C: an external locus of control
Option D: fixation
Correct Answer: reaction formation ✔
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Option A: Carl Rogers
Option B: Albert Bandura
Option C: Carl Jung
Option D: Abraham Maslow
Correct Answer: Carl Jung ✔
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Option A: passive-aggressive
Option B: manic-depressive
Option C: unstable-introverted
Option D: external-dependent
Correct Answer: unstable-introverted ✔
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Option A: superego is to repetition principle
Option B: ego is to reality principle
Option C: ego is repetition principle
Option D: ego is executive principle
Correct Answer: ego is to reality principle ✔
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Option A: inability to test or verify concepts
Option B: limited recognition of temperament, emotion and subjective factors
Option C: ability to explain behavior after the fact only
Option D: emphasis on the conditions under which behaviors occur
Correct Answer: limited recognition of temperament, emotion and subjective factors ✔
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Option A: biologically determined
Option B: relatively permanent and enduring
Option C: situation specific
Option D: shared by a group
Correct Answer: relatively permanent and enduring ✔
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Option A: using projective tests to assess their motives
Option B: using free association and dream analysis
Option C: interpreting their flattering self-description as a self-serving bias
Option D: selectively studying people with qualities he admired
Correct Answer: selectively studying people with qualities he admired ✔
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Option A: have removed the “person” from personality
Option B: emphasize situational determinants of behavior
Option C: stress the role of the unconscious
Option D: would view a trait as stable in all situations
Correct Answer: emphasize situational determinants of behavior ✔
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Option A: create traits that fit people
Option B: increase the number of basic traits that have been identified
Option C: classify traits and discover how they are related to behavior
Option D: reduce the common traits to measures of temperament
Correct Answer: classify traits and discover how they are related to behavior ✔
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Option A: fixation
Option B: free association
Option C: factor analysis
Option D: projection
Correct Answer: free association ✔
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Option A: the Barnum effect
Option B: the spotlight effect
Option C: the self-reference phenomenon
Option D: unconditional positive regard
Correct Answer: the Barnum effect ✔
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Option A: reciprocal determinism
Option B: an internal locus of control
Option C: reaction formation
Option D: the self-reference phenomenon
Correct Answer: an internal locus of control ✔
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Option A: unconditional positive regard
Option B: attributional style
Option C: the spotlight effect
Option D: self-serving bias
Correct Answer: self-serving bias ✔
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Option A: collective psychology
Option B: existential psychology
Option C: depth psychology
Option D: analytical psychology
Correct Answer: analytical psychology ✔
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Option A: ideal self
Option B: gender identity
Option C: unconditional positive regard
Option D: attributional style
Correct Answer: attributional style ✔
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Option A: latency
Option B: genital
Option C: anal
Option D: phallic
Correct Answer: anal ✔
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Option A: projection
Option B: fixation
Option C: rationalization
Option D: repression
Correct Answer: repression ✔
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Option A: reciprocal determinism
Option B: self-serving bias
Option C: the spotlight effect
Option D: an Electra complex
Correct Answer: the spotlight effect ✔
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Option A: Situations change traits
Option B: Situations create new traits
Option C: Traits determine situations
Option D: Situations affect how traits are exhibited
Correct Answer: Situations affect how traits are exhibited ✔
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Option A: belief that the first years of life help to shape personality
Option B: belief in the concept of libido, sexual desires, and biological instincts
Option C: discovery of complexes during the genital stage
Option D: elaboration of the humanistic approach to personality development
Correct Answer: belief that the first years of life help to shape personality ✔
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Option A: pleasure principle
Option B: reality principle
Option C: ego ideal
Option D: partial ego principle
Correct Answer: reality principle ✔
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Option A: Trait; humanistic
Option B: Psychoanalytic; behaviorist
Option C: Psychoanalytic; humanistic
Option D: Trait; behaviorist
Correct Answer: Psychoanalytic; behaviorist ✔
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Option A: as reliable but no necessary valid estimates
Option B: as ballpark estimates of the influence of genetics
Option C: as accurate estimates of the influence of genetics
Option D: as relatively useless estimates of the influence of genetics
Correct Answer: as ballpark estimates of the influence of genetics ✔
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Option A: increased striving for self-esteem
Option B: more stereotypic thinking about minorities
Option C: more aggressive behavior toward people with opposing views
Option D: reduced respect for cultural icons
Correct Answer: reduced respect for cultural icons ✔
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Option A: Self-regard
Option B: Self-efficacy
Option C: Self-actualization
Option D: Self-esteem
Correct Answer: Self-efficacy ✔
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Option A: Biological
Option B: Cognitive
Option C: Psychological
Option D: Behavioral
Correct Answer: Biological ✔
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Option A: Oral
Option B: Anal
Option C: Phallic
Option D: Latency
Correct Answer: Latency ✔
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Option A: identical twins reared together
Option B: identical twins reared apart
Option C: fraternal twins reared together
Option D: non-twins reared together
Correct Answer: identical twins reared apart ✔
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Allport’s idea that the traits around which someone organizes their life are called_________traits.
Option A: Cardinal
Option B: Secondary
Option C: Central
Option D: Source
Correct Answer: Cardinal ✔
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Option A: Introversion
Option B: Melancholy
Option C: Extroversion
Option D: Neuroticism
Correct Answer: Melancholy ✔
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Option A: The accuracy of the results is a function of the honesty of the respondent
Option B: Respondents may attempt to answer in a way that makes them look good
Option C: There is sometimes a problem with “yea-sayers” or “nay-sayers.”
Option D: They are objective measures that are easy to administer and score
Correct Answer: They are objective measures that are easy to administer and score ✔
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Option A: largely positive effects
Option B: largely negative effects
Option C: surprisingly little effect
Option D: a powerful effect
Correct Answer: surprisingly little effect ✔
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Option A: Maslow
Option B: Galen
Option C: Hippocrates
Option D: Eysenck
Correct Answer: Maslow ✔
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Option A: compensation
Option B: projection
Option C: identification
Option D: repression
Correct Answer: projection ✔
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Option A: social influence
Option B: an internal locus of control
Option C: self-serving bias
Option D: individualism
Correct Answer: social influence ✔
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